Screen LibraryA working guide to process equipment /
Overview: The latest methods for troubleshooting and maintaining process equipment. Applicable to a broad range of technicians and industries and fully updated throughout, A Working Guide to Process Equipment, Fourth Edition, explains how to diagnose, troubleshoot, and correct problems with chemical...
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McGraw-Hill,
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| Publisher Address: | New York, New York : |
| Publication Dates: | [2014] |
| Literature type: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Edition: | Fourth edition. |
| Subjects: | |
| Summary: |
Overview: The latest methods for troubleshooting and maintaining process equipment. Applicable to a broad range of technicians and industries and fully updated throughout, A Working Guide to Process Equipment, Fourth Edition, explains how to diagnose, troubleshoot, and correct problems with chemical and petroleum refining process equipment. Nine new chapters cover: Tray design details. -- Shell-and-tube heat exchanger design details. -- Relief valve system design. -- Vapor lock and exchanger flooding in steam systems. -- Steam generation operating and design details -- Wastewater strippers. Thermodynamics: how it applies to process equipment. Centrifugal pumps: reducing seal and bearing failures. Hand calculations for distillation towers. Vapor: liquid equilibrium, absorption, and stripping calculations. Filled with examples and illustrations, this practical resource demonstrates how theory applies to solving real-world plant operation problems. Selected hand calculation methods are also provided. Comprehensive coverage includes: Distillation Tower Trays -- Tower Pressure Control -- Distillation Towers -- Reboilers -- Tower Internals -- Instruments -- Packed Towers -- Steam and Condensate Systems -- Bubble Point and Dew Point -- Steam Strippers -- Draw-Off Nozzle Hydraulics -- Pumparounds and Tower Heat Flows -- Condensers and Tower Pressure Control -- Air Coolers -- Deaerators and Steam Systems -- Steam Generation -- Wastewater Strippers -- Vacuum Systems -- Steam Turbines -- Surface Condensers -- Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers -- Fired Heaters -- Refrigeration Systems -- Cooling Water Systems -- Catalytic Effects -- Centrifugal Pumps -- Control Valves -- Separators -- Centrifugal Compressors and Surge -- Reciprocating Compressors -- Corrosion -- Fluid Flow in Pipes -- Super-Fractionation Stage -- Computer Control -- Field Troubleshooting. |
| Carrier Form: | xxxi, 752 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm |
| Bibliography: | Includes bibliographical references and index. |
| ISBN: |
9780071828062 (cloth : acid-free paper) : 0071828060 (cloth : acid-free paper) |
| Index Number: | TP157 |
| CLC: | TQ051-62 |
| Call Number: | TQ051-62/L716/4th ed. |
| Contents: |
Foreword -- Preface to the fourth edition -- Preface to the third edition -- Preface to the second edition -- Preface to the first edition -- Introduction -- Acknowledgments -- Process Equipment Fundamentals: -- Frictional losses -- Density difference induces flow -- Natural Thermosyphon circulation -- Reducing hydrocarbon partial pressure -- Corrosion at home -- What I know -- Distillation: the first application -- Origin of reflux -- Glossary -- Basic Terms And Conditions -- How Trays Work: Flooding: -- History of distillation: -- Tray types -- Tray efficiency -- Downcomer backup -- Downcomer clearance -- Vapor-flow pressure drop -- Jet flood -- Incipient flood -- Tower pressure drop and flooding -- Optimizing feed tray location -- Catacarb Co2 absorber flooding -- How Trays Work: Dumping-Weeping Through Tray Decks: -- Tray pressure drop -- Other causes of tray inefficiency -- Bubble-cap trays -- New high capacity trays -- Calculating tray efficiency -- Notes On Tray Design Details: -- Process design equipment details -- Why Control Tower Pressure: Options For Optimizing Tower Operating Pressure: -- Selecting an optimum tower pressure -- Raising the tower pressure target -- Lowering the tower pressure -- Phase rule in distillation -- What Drives Distillation Towers: Reboiler Function: -- Reboiler -- Heat-balance calculations -- How Reboilers Work: Thermosyphon, Gravity Feed, And Forced: -- Thermosyphon Reboilers -- Forced-circulation Reboilers -- Kettle Reboilers -- Don't forget fouling -- Vapor binding in steam Reboilers -- Inspecting Tower Internals: -- Tray deck levelness -- Loss of downcomer seal due to leaks -- Effect of missing caps -- Repairing loose tray panels -- Improper downcomer clearance -- Inlet weirs -- Seal pans -- Drain holes -- Vortex breakers -- Chimney tray leakage -- Shear clips -- Bubble-cap trays -- Final inspection -- Conclusion -- Reference -- How Instruments Work: Levels, Pressures, Flows, And Temperatures: -- Level -- Foam affects levels -- Pressure -- Flow -- Temperature -- Reference -- Packed Towers: Better Than Trays?-Packed-Bed Vapor And Liquid Distribution: -- How packed towers work -- Maintaining functional and structural efficiency in packed towers -- Advantages of packing vs trays -- Reference -- Steam And Condensate Systems: Water Hammer And Condensate Backup Steam-Side Reboiler Control: -- Steam Reboilers -- Condensing heat-transfer rates -- Maintaining system efficiency -- Carbonic acid corrosion -- Condensate collection systems -- Deaerators -- Surface condensers -- Vapor Lock And Exchanger Flooding In Steam Systems: -- Function of the steam trap -- Non-condensable venting -- Corrosive steam -- Condensate drum -- Condensate drainage and vapor lock -- Elevated condensate collection drum -- Conclusion -- Bubble Point And Dew Point: Equilibrium Concepts In Vapor-Liquid Mixtures: -- Bubble point -- Dew point -- Reference -- Steam Strippers: Source Of Latent Heat Of Vaporization: -- Heat of evaporation -- Stripper efficiency -- References -- Draw-Off Nozzle Hydraulics: Nozzle Cavitation Due To Lack Of Hydrostatic Head: -- Nozzle exit loss -- Critical flow -- Maintaining nozzle efficiency -- Overcoming nozzle exit loss limits -- Reference -- Pumparounds And Tower Heat Flows: Closing The Tower Enthalpy Balance: -- Pumparound -- Vapor flow -- Fractionation -- Condensers And Tower Pressure Control: Hot-Vapor Bypass-Flooded Condenser Control: -- Subcooling, vapor binding, and condensation -- Pressure control -- Air Coolers: Fin-Fan Coolers: -- Fin fouling -- Fan discharge pressure -- Effect of reduced air flow -- Adjustments and corrections to improve cooling -- Designing for efficiency -- Thermodynamics: How It Applies To Process Equipment: -- Why is thermodynamics important to the plant operator? -- Source of steam velocity -- Converting latent heat to velocity -- Effect of wet steam -- Steam ejector temperature profile -- Roto-flow turbo expander -- Meaning of entropy -- Deaerators And Steam Systems: Generating Steam In Boilers And BFW Preparation: -- Boiler feedwater -- Boilers -- Convective section waste-heat steam generation -- References -- Steam Generation: -- Boiler blowdown rate -- Types of steam-generating equipment -- Boiler feed water preparation -- Effect of air preheat on boiler capacity -- Deaerator operation -- Boiler feedwater preheat -- Boiler thermal efficiency -- Sloped demister -- References -- Vacuum Systems: Steam Jet Ejectors: -- Theory of operation -- Converging and diverging compression -- Calculations, performance curves, and other measurements in jet systems -- Optimum vacuum tower-top temperature -- Measurement of a deep vacuum without mercury -- Reference -- Steam Turbines: Use Of Horsepower Valves And Correct Speed Control: -- Principle of operation and calculations -- Selecting optimum turbine speed -- Surface Condensers: The Condensing Steam Turbine: -- Second law of thermodynamics -- Surface condenser problems -- Surface condenser heat-tran Cooling Water Systems: -- Locating exchanger tube leaks -- Tube-side fouling -- Changing tube-side passes -- Cooling tower pH control -- Wooden cooling towers -- Back-flushing and air rumbling -- Acid cleaning -- Increasing water flow -- Piping pressure losses -- Cooling tower efficiency -- Wet bulb temperature -- Reference -- Catalytic Effects: Equilibrium And Kinetics: -- Kinetics vs equilibrium -- Temperature vs time -- Purpose of a catalyst -- Lessons from Lithuania -- Zero order reactions -- Runaway reaction -- Common chemical plant and refinery catalytic processes -- Centrifugal Pumps: Fundamentals Of Operation-Head, Flow, And Pressure: -- Head -- Starting NPSH requirement -- Pressure -- Pump impeller -- Effect of temperature on pump capacity -- Centrifugal Pumps: Driver Limits-Electric Motors And Steam Turbines: -- Electric motors -- Steam turbines -- Gears -- Reference -- Centrifugal Pumps: Suction Pressure Limits-Cavitation And Net Positive Suction Head: -- Cavitation and net positive suction head -- Sub-atmospheric suction pressure -- Centrifugal Pumps: Reducing Seal And Bearing Failures: -- Packed pump -- Mechanical seal -- Purpose of seal flush -- Seal leaks -- Wasting external seal flush oil -- Double mechanical seal -- Dry seals -- Application of nitrogen barrier seals using double mechanical seals -- Steam use in seal chamber -- Pressure balancing holes -- Bearing failures -- Starting a centrifugal pump -- References -- Control Valves: -- Pumps and control valves -- Operating on the bad part of the curve -- Control valve position -- Valve position dials -- Air-to-open valves -- Saving energy in existing hydraulic system -- Control valve bypasses -- Plugged control valves -- Separators: Vapor-Hydrocarbon-Water-Liquid Settling Rates: -- Gravity settling -- Demisters -- Entrainment due to foam -- Water-hydrocarbon separations -- Electrically accelerated water coalescing -- Static coalescers -- Gas Compression: The Basic Idea-The Second Law Of Thermodynamics Made Easy: -- Relationship between heat and work -- Compression work (Cp-Cv) -- Reference -- Centrifugal Compressors And Surge: Overamping The Motor Driver: -- Centrifugal compression and surge -- Compressor efficiency -- Frequently asked questions about centrifugal compressors -- Reciprocating Compressors: The Carnot Cycle; Use Of Indicator Card: -- Theory of reciprocating compressor operation -- Carnot cycle -- Indicator card -- Volumetric compressor efficiency -- Unloaders -- Rod loading -- Variable molecular weight -- Compressor Efficiency: Effect On Driver Load: -- Jet engine --Controlling vibration and temperature rise -- Relative efficiency -- Relative work: external pressure losses -- Safety Concerns: Relief Valves, Corrosion, And Safety Trips: -- Relief-valve plugging -- Relieving to atmosphere -- Corrosion monitoring -- Alarms and trips -- Auto-ignition of hydrocarbons -- Paper gaskets -- Calculating heats of reaction -- Hot water explodes out of manway -- Relief Valve System Design: -- Coke drums -- High-pressure fixed-bed reactors -- Trayed towers and packed columns -- Liquid-filled vessels -- Sour water strippers -- Protecting relief valves from fouling and corrosion -- Dual relief valves -- Process design responsibility for relief valve design -- Relief valve and pressure-sensing connections -- Heat exchanger safety reliefs -- Relief valve effluents -- Maintaining flare header positive pressures -- Leaking relief valves -- Tray failure due to relief valves -- Piper alpha rig destruction -- Corrosion-Process Units: -- Closer to home -- Erosive velocities -- Mixed phase flow -- Carbonate corrosion -- Naphthenic acid attack -- Short history of corrosion -- Corrosion-fired heaters -- Oil-fired heaters -- Finned-tube corrosion -- Field identification of piping metallurgy -- Waste Water Strippers: -- Purpose of sour water strippers -- Two-stage sour water stripper -- Tray efficiency -- Computer simulation and theoretical tray efficiency -- Use of caustic to improve stripping -- Water stripper Reboiler corrosion and fouling -- Ballast water stripper -- Conclusions -- Reference -- Fluid Flow In Pipes: Basic Ideas To Evaluate Newtonian And Non-Newtonian Flow: -- Field engineer's method for estimating pipe flow -- Field pressure drop survey -- Line sizing for low-viscosity and turbulent flow -- Frictional pressure loss in rough and smooth pipe -- Special case for laminar flow -- Smooth pipes and turbulent flow -- Very rough pipes and very turbulent flow -- Non-Newtonian fluids -- Some types of flow behavior -- Viscoelastic fluids -- Identifying the type of flow behavior -- Apparent and effective viscosity of non-Newtonian liquids -- Power law or Ostwald de Waele model -- Generalized Reynolds numbers -- References -- Super-Fractionation Separation Stage: -- My first encounter with super-fractionation -- Kettle Reboiler -- Partial condenser -- Side Reboilers and intercoolers -- Hand Calculations For Distillation Towers: Vapor-Liquid Equil |