Evolution and speciation in plants /
"Plants are autotrophs and sessile, while animals are heterotrophs and motile. Sessility has imposed on plants 94% hermaphroditism, 23% selfing, 3% polyploidization and 39% clonality, in comparison to < 5% herma-phroditism, < 1% selfing and 2% clonality in motile animals. Whereas plants c...
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Main Authors: | |
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Published: |
CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group,
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Publisher Address: | Boca Raton, FL : |
Publication Dates: | 2022. |
Literature type: | Book |
Language: | English |
Edition: | First edition. |
Subjects: | |
Summary: |
"Plants are autotrophs and sessile, while animals are heterotrophs and motile. Sessility has imposed on plants 94% hermaphroditism, 23% selfing, 3% polyploidization and 39% clonality, in comparison to < 5% herma-phroditism, < 1% selfing and 2% clonality in motile animals. Whereas plants consist of 374,000 species but 1,664 variety/species, animals comprise 1,543,196 species and 210 variety/species. Hence, plants have undergone variety diversity, while animals have species diversity. In animals and plants, the species ratio is reduced from 4.1 animals : 1.0 plant to 1.4 for pollinating animals : 1.0 pollinated plants. In pollination, animals are benefited dietarily but plants are cross pollinated, generating new gene combinations - the raw material for evolution and speciation. For the reduced species diversity in plants, reasons are traced to 90% hermaphroditism, ~ 23% selfing and 39% clonality. Clonality decreases from 100% in 6-7 tissue typed sponges and 3 tissue typed algae drastically to 0.7% in 60 tissue typed worms but gradually to ~ 23% in 60 tissued typed angiosperms. About 12-15, 5-8 and 77-80% of all animal and plant species are distributed in marine, freshwater and terrestrial habitats, respectively. Animals have conserved the 'right' sequence of gametogenesis but plants have gone through a 'wrong' sequence prior to settling with right one albeit with double fertilization in angiosperms. Both animals and plants are 80% male heterogametics. Only 0.5% of them can afford semelparity. While 20 and 57% angiosperms are perennial trees and herbs, annual herbs make up 23% only. In all of them, 85, > 19 and < 1% are pollinated by fast flying animals, wind and water, respectively. Increasing pollen load enhances fruit- and seed-set. In contrast to animals, the life cycle of plants is direct but complicated. Unlike animals, plants have greatly contributed to weathering of rocks and the atmospheric gas composition during the geological past. From dormant spores and seeds of plants, life can be restored after thousands of years."-- |
Carrier Form: | xi, 345 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm |
Bibliography: | Includes bibliographical references (pages [286]-320) and indexes. |
ISBN: |
9781032192116 1032192119 9781032192130 1032192135 |
Index Number: | QK980 |
CLC: | Q941 |
Call Number: | Q941/P189 |
Contents: | General Introduction -- Environmental factors. Photosynthesis and chemosynthesis -- Phototrophic heterotrophy -- Spatial distribution -- Life history traits : sexuality. Monoecy : reproductive systems -- Dioecy and sex ratio -- Polyploids - hybrids - grafts -- Parthenogenesis - apomixis -- Clonals and stem cells -- Gametogenesis and fertilization. Oogenesis and spermatogenesis -- Heterogamety - sex genes -- Annuals - herbs - semelp -- Pollination and coevolution -- Self- and cross-fertilization -- Spores - seeds - dispersal -- Germination and development. Germination and recruitment -- Brooders and vivipares -- Sex determination -- Hormones and differentiation -- Past, present and future. Past : weathering and oxygenation -- Present : conservation and dormancy -- Future : climate change. |